Wednesday, June 24, 2020

A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF CHALLENGES FACED BY MANAGERS IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR - Free Essay Example

There are different levels of management in the three different sectors of the economy. There are non-managerial employees, first-line managers, middle managers and the top managers. Robbins et al ;( 2009). This essay will critically evaluate the challenges faced by managers in the public sector organisations. The essay will assess the roles of the manager in this sector and the difficulties managers encounter whilst carrying out their duties. The challenges posed by organisational structure and design with an example from the Northampton Borough Council, the issues due to the organisational culture, privatisation of some of the public sector services, the strategic management of the public sector and the complexities due to the constant changing environment in which these organisations operate, and the challenges to managers of the most recent comprehensive budget cuts, will be evaluated in this essay. The typical roles of a manager in any organisation is to organise, lead, p lan and control the activities of the people and other resources within it towards achieving the objectives of that organisation; Naylor (2004). The role a manager plays is dependent on the level of management position although each level has its challenges. At the senior level, the managers role is much broader and in depth and it requires creativity and innovativeness; Robbins et al (2009). The senior manager is involved in decision making, strategic management planning and control, the manager, at this level of management is expected to have an understanding of all areas of the organisation to enable sensible handling of any given situation Hanagan;(2008). The role of the manager did not change in the 21st century rather the method of carrying out the above mentioned roles are different, for instance the manager has to organise work differently, communication is more sophisticated such as, the use of internet, mobile telephones and e-mail. In recent times, the management of ch ange is considered as the most important skill of management due to the pace of change in the 21st century Hanagan, (2008).The rapid changes in technology, enormous improvements in communication, the increase in focus on global economy, and the environment are issues to the modern day manager. In addition to the above, the role of the manager in the public sector is challenged by the constant changes in legislation and political policies subject to government in power Hanagan (2008). An organisation is an arrangement which has been set up for a particular purpose. Robbins et al (2009). Different organisations belong to different sectors of the economy. There are three sectors; the public, the private and the third sector such as social enterprises. This three sectors have some common characteristics which are: they all have distinct purpose, each organisation is made up of people, and all create a structure within which the people could carry out their duties Robbins et al(2009). Organisations are grouped as public sector depending on certain factors such as; how much the organisation competes with similar organisations, goods and services are charged indirectly and how much it allows itself to be influenced by demand and supply of goods and services. The less such organisations are influenced by the above factors the more the organisations are considered as public sector organisations Hanagan (2008). Instances of these organisations are; Local Government council, Libraries, the National Police Force, the Defence Ministry, Colleges and Universities. The common features of these organisations are; they are set up to fulfil specific purposes, they are service motivated, they are accountable to many stakeholders and the public, they carry out their duties for the good of the people and they are funded through the use of taxpayers money. Avery important challenge to a manager whether in the public sector or in the private sector is to be aware of their relev ant stakeholders and operate the organisation in ways which will yield maximum returns to each stakeholder group Bloisi et al (2007). The public sector organisation has a centralised organisational structure whereby authority and decision making is made at the senior managerial level. Organisational structure is a connected arrangement of positions and work units through which the important tasks of an organisation are subdivided and categorised to form decision centres from where the strategic plans of the organisation are carried out Bloisi et al (2007). Most of these organisations have a Matrix design structure which enables double responsibility and reporting roles with particular projects. Bloisi et al (2007). The managers in the matrix organisation are challenged by the constant need to resolve conflicts due to differences in perspectives and priority Bloisi et al (2007). For instance, the organisational structure of the Northampton Borough Council has over five managerial levels of management. According to Nicole Macdonald, a HR Manager Strategy with the council, one of the challenges they have is getting approval to carry out plans as quickly as possible. The council has about forty-seven councillors through whom decisions are made. These councillors represent different political fronts. Sometimes it is difficult to reach a consensus on certain issues and therefore arriving at a decision is elongated said, Cassie Triggs, a Democratic Chief Executive Services Manager at the Northampton Borough Council. The manager in the private sector will in relation to their organisational structure which is much flatter be able to arrive at a decision much quicker. Private sector organisational structures are designed to embrace the pace of changes in technology and also to survive. Flatter structure allows for incorporation of ideas from almost every employee in the organisation Bloisi et al (2007). The manager in the private sector will be challenged by how to control an employee who is working from home and coming to the place of work only one day in a working week Naylor (2004). Included in the challenges encountered by managers in the public sector are challenges due to the cultural beliefs of the organisation. Organisational culture is the way we do things around here Robbins et al (2009). According to Meek (1988), organisational culture could be used as a means to find out how people behave in a complex setting Hanagan, (2008). Organisational culture can be something abstract or peoples perception and experience within an organised setting. According to Stacey, the culture of any group of people is that set of beliefs, customs, practices and ways of thinking that they have come to share with each other through being and working together. Hanagan (2008). According to Handy, there are four major types of organisational cultures; the power culture in which the power and authority is from one person in a central position, the role culture which is labelled as a bureaucracy where the role of the individual specialists are more important than position and power, the task culture is about the activity which is being carried out and lastly the person culture which focuses more on what individuals do in a particular setting Mullins (2005). The challenge of managing cultural change in a public sector organisation will depend on how strong the existing culture is and the weight of the proposed change Hanagan (2008).The difficulty is in bringing about the change. For instance the Further and Higher Education Act which made colleges and higher education in England to become Corporate Bodies Limited by Guarantee indicates that organisational culture can be overtaken by accountability to more prominent stakeholders as the organisation would want to survive Hanagan (2008). The challenge is even more where there is existence of subcultures within the organisation. For decades, Public organisations have been managed by people who have been raised into managerial positions through years of service to the organisation, for instance; football clubs were managed by ex-footballers, and schools were managed by former teachers, local government council by people who were promoted through long years of service Hanagan (2008). There are difficulties faced by managers moving from the private sector to the public sector. The manager from the private sector is more focused on profits and accounting to shareholders, decision making is simplified, there is much flexibility and autonomy, there is power and authority attached therefore, the challenge to the private sector manager moving into the public sector will be changing the profit making, quick decision making mindset, there is less power and authority, no flexibility and autonomy Hanagan (2008). These challenges are not without approaches with which the managers could use to minimise them. For instance, the managers could use the recruitment process to recruit people who will fit into the existing culture, by the method of questioning they are made aware of what is important in the organisation, the induction process, promotion policy, training and development Hanagan (2008). Following the challenges posed by organisational structure, design and culture, are the challenges which managers face with the move of the UK government in the 1980s to privatise some of the services of the public sector when they realised that the costs of providing services were becoming too much, costs were weighing much on National budgets and the motive to make public sector organisations to work more effectively and efficiently Hanagan (2008). The move gave rise to such contractual arrangements as the Public Private Partnership (PPP) and the London underground contractual arrangement which came from a simpler Private Finance Initiative (PFI) which was set up to establish contracts between the local authority controlled London Underground and Tubeli nes and Metronet Hanagan (2008). Privatisation as defined by Bryan Hurl (1992), is the sale of government owned equity in nationalised industries or other commercial enterprises, to private investors with or without the loss of government control of the organisation. There are three methods which have been used by the government, these are; denationalisation which is the sale of public sector assets, deregulation which is removal of barriers to entry to a previously protected market to allow private enterprises to compete and franchising whereby the public sector provides the finance and the private sector provide the services Hurl (1992). One of the key principles of managing resources to deliver better services is by setting up strong partnerships which means that various departments of the public sector are relying on other public, private and third sector to deliver public services, these organisations, most of the time may have better expertise and better understanding o f the needs of the citizens Bourn (2003, p26). The increasing difficulty with which public services are delivered is a challenge. According to the National Audit Office, delivery of public services are no longer the duty of a single department for instance, different organisations are involved in provision of criminal justice such as the police, the crown prosecution service, the forensic Science service and the courts. Changes in economic conditions and unforeseen circumstances could place much demand for public services, for instance, the sudden rise in unemployment during the most recent inflationary period. The volume and value of benefits payment made by the job centre plus or the unexpected foot and mouth disease and its effect to the public requires a good resource management Bourn (2003 p18). Some of the services provided by the public sector organisations are; Defence by the Army, Public Health by the NHS, Direct service delivery agencies which handle payments of benefit s, issuing of prescriptions and National insurance numbers, processing of student loans, access to heritage, museums and galleries, developing frameworks for other service providers such as regulation of educational standards, teacher training and social housing, promotion of business opportunities abroad, transport integration, purchasing information technology systems and professional services and others. The challenge to the manager is the ability to coordinate and monitor the different service chains involved in the delivery of public services and also the difficulty in ensuring that resources are channelled appropriately to the provision of the most required service Bourn (2003 p.20) . Strategic thinking, planning and continuous are important in every organisation Bloisi et al (2007). Strategic thinking means being able as a manager to device ways to balance both the human, technical and the limited resources of the organisation and the environmental forces Bloisi et al (2007). The public sector manager has no power and authority, no autonomy and flexibility and therefore may not have as much influence in the decision making as their counterpart in the private sector Hanagan (2008). Strategic management is used in the public sector to find out schedules of activities in the sector which fit into the political agendas taking into consideration the politicians who might be looking for quick returns which they can point to as their successes and achievements Hanagan (2008). This means that the strategic planning has to be short term. There is lack of clarity in relation to what the manager is trying to achieve. There is the constant challenge to the manager in the public sector as to whether you are trying to fulfil your statutory obligation, please the politicians, follow the directions of the board or the people for whom the services were meant for. The manager in the public sector is challenged as he cannot change or alter the system. There are too many stakeholders, interest groups to satisfy in the public sector therefore the manager in this sector has to device different kinds of ways to deliver information to the different groups in the public who believes they have a stake in the public sector, such methods are through, governing bodies, advisory committees, taskforces, public meetings and public announcements Hanagan (2008). The manager in the private sector uses strategic management to review actions, slow down processes and hence make changes where necessary, the manager in the private sector has a profit making mindset and therefore considers product viability, the private sector manager has power and authority, flexibility and autonomy and therefore decision making is quicker. The private sector manager is accountable to shareholders Bloisi et al (2007). The public sector is funded by the government and the managers are accountable to whichever ruling political party at any given time. According to the Nationa l Audit Office, before the 1998 public service agreements, different departments were funded annually with some exception such as the Department of Health, so there was uncertainty as to whether funding will be the same as the previous year or reduced or increased. This was a challenge to managers as there was no certainty with the flow of funds to make long term plans as the private sector with assurance of long term financing. The agreement was set out with the awareness of the aims, ideals and targets of the various departments Bourn (2003 p.20). Assessed so far are internal factors which challenge managers in the public sector however there are certain external factors which managers have to contend with as well. Some of these are; the speed of technology which has affected every process in organisations irrespective of sector, the force of competing interests who are not ordinary rivals to gain customers but those seeking for resources and those trying to make their points t o be heard and the fluctuations in social behaviour which starts with movements in peoples expectations and values Bloisi et al (2007). Finally, managers are currently facing challenges due to the recent comprehensive budget cut. There is greater demand for services however there are fewer resources to meet demand. It is morally challenging to managers to prioritize who to help and who not to In conclusion, Suggested approaches from management science which could alleviate some of the challenges are; the systems approach and contingency approach. With systems approach, managers could discuss their departmental needs in terms of the general organisational requirement. The use of this approach requires open communication and the removal of barriers between the individual departments, also the approach shows management consideration of all the systems involved, synergy that is the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, open and closed systems, limits, movements of informa tion, materials and feedback through which the manager could monitor and evaluate progress reports Hanagan (2008). The second recommended approach is the contingency approach. This approach says that different problems requires different ways of solving them it all depends on how much experience the manager has because what might work well in one situation may not work well in another situation Hanagan (2008). Application of this approach requires that the manager recognises several view points, one of which is the pragmatic view point. Pragmatic viewpoint says that no approach is generally acceptable which means that the manager has to check the motives for every action taken for instance, the services being delivered, the availability of equipment required and also the internal and external environment Hanagan (2008).

Wednesday, May 20, 2020

Family Is A Essential Function Of Self Preservation Of...

Family is one of the basic social institutions, as it implements a vital function of self-preservation of society. Family is designed to receive, maintain and pass on spiritual and religious, national and patristic tradition from generation to generation. Interethnic families are the primary unit of society, in which a transformation of ethnic identity takes place. Everything positive that has been accumulated by ethnic groups in the field of cultural development, preservation of traditions, customs and language is fixed and improved through intermarriages. For U.S.A., one of the most multinational countries in the world, the issue of intermarriage is particularly relevant. Modern America is characterized by the high concentration of people of different color, culture and religion and an increase in inter-ethnic and inter-racial marriages. In particular, in comparison with the last century, the number of marriages between African-Americans and Whites has increased. The problem of the interracial family life in America is affected in many studies due to its relevance. Many authors use different approaches in their studies of this subject. Generally, main two of them could be distinguished to â€Å"external† and â€Å"internal†. Regarding â€Å"external† approach, researchers talk about opposition to interracial relationship, that still takes place. America was able to eliminate race inequality in legislation, but not in communication. Long history of discreditingShow MoreRelatedNursing Theorists1685 Words   |  7 Pages 3. Virginia Henderson - Need Theory 4. Fay Abdella - Twenty One Nursing Problems 5. Ida Jean Orlando - Nursing Process theory 6. Dorothy Johnson - System model 7. Martha Rogers -Unitary Human beings 8. Dorothea Orem - Self-care theory 9. Imogene King - Goal Attainment theory 10. Betty Neuman - System model 11. Sister Calista Roy - Adaptation theory 12. Jean Watson - Philosophy and Caring Model 13. Madeleine Leininger -Transcultural nursing Read MorePolitics Of Sexuality And Materialism1739 Words   |  7 Pagesthe White Anglo-Saxon Protestant woman existed in a domestic sphere where her role as a mother was her primary function in society. These women were to exist in the Cult of True Motherhood and not break off outside the bounds of being pious, submissive, pure and domestic. When women were confronted with the idea of expressing sexuality, it came into conflict with the status quo of society and threatened the idealized role of women at the time. As William Action stated, â€Å"the best mothers, wives, andRead MoreEthics : Ethics And Ethics1569 Words   |  7 Pagesconduct their appropriate function to manage situations and to give safe and proper legal and ethical care in today s changing world (Chitty Beth, 2007) With regard to practical care, they always try to answer the question of â€Å"What can I do?,† whereas they should try to answer what is esse ntial to be done for the patients in the context of ethical principles (King Broom, 2002). Ethics seek the best way of taking care of the patients as well as the best nursing function (Abaszdeh et. al, 2002)Read MoreThe Confucian Ethics Essay1552 Words   |  7 Pagesthe old aristocracy who had become peasants by the time of his birth. In his teens, Confucius distinguished himself as an astute learner and a young scholar. Confucius believed that the primary function of education was to provide the proper way of training to become â€Å"chun-tzu†, a process that involved self improvement and continuous social interactions (Slote and De Vos 8-9). Confucius’s early career included a minor government posts managing stables and keeping books for granaries before heRead MoreThe Nature of Man as Political Animal Essay1723 Words   |  7 Pages Not everyone will agree with Aristotles political theory, but it is essential to understand the principals that underline the new political theories. Aristotles politics is one of the most influential books of political philosophy. His main ideology consists in that a man is by nature a political animal because he can reason and communicate with others, therefore, has the potential to alter or change his living conditions for better because he can recognize the difference from right or wrong.Read MoreComparing Perspectives On Humanity Within The Ideal Society Essay1999 Words   |  8 Pages Comparing Perspectives on Humanity Within the Ideal Society The role of a political theorist concerns itself with the conception of theories aimed at combatting various plights of humankind, effectively weighing the risks and rewards that come with each proposed change. Both Thomas Hobbes and Jean Jacques Rousseau were social contract theorists that played instrumental roles in the creation of a Sovereign body aimed at assisting in the betterment of humanity. Both philosophers recognize the necessityRead MoreThe Debate Regarding Same Sex Marriage2617 Words   |  11 Pagesterms of legal recognition, most sovereign states limit marriage to male and female couples (two persons of opposite gender). Nowadays a growing number of countries (about 15) have established a legal recognition for same-sex marriage. While few societies have recognized same-sex unions as marriages there is a long history of same-sex unions around the world. Various types of same-sex unions have existed, ranging from informal, unsanctioned, and temporary relationships to h ighly ritualized unionsRead MoreThe Aging Process For The Older Adults Essay1587 Words   |  7 Pagesaging, and the illnesses do not distinguish by culture or religion. Friendships that have grown up throughout the years are a significant aspect of aging well, although for some older people it becomes difficult to keep in touch with friends, family, society, or other loved ones. Financial status may become limited as a person ages. Successful aging is one of the most significant ideas in gerontology (Katz Calasanti, 2015). Utilized as a model, a concept, an approach, an experience, and an outcomeRead MoreHow Dance Reflects Culture1224 Words   |  5 Pagesart movement, based on the expressive moves of the human body. However, these theoretical definitions of dance usually overlook many symbolic aspects of dance. It is an essential part of a culture. Dance can be done for many reasons, for example, dance is used to protest oppression, provide some form of therapy, a preservation of culture or simply just for pleasure. Just like music, some cultures do not have a name or word to describe dance but, the same action is performed. The primary tool ofRead MoreEssay about Good Health: Is It Simply About Eating the Right Things?1629 Words   |  7 PagesThere are so many different definition of health making it complicated to have a precise definition for health. It is best described as being able to function physically, mentally and spiritually. Absolute health refers to being whole and requires more than what a person experiences inside and outside of the body. According to Blaxter ‘health can be defined as finding the right balance between supernatural beings, the environment and processes within the body’ (pg.8, 2004). It is also being able

Monday, May 18, 2020

Threading Introduction in Visual Basic

To understand threading in VB.NET, it helps to understand some of the foundation concepts. First up is that threading is something that happens because the operating system supports it. Microsoft Windows is a pre-emptive multitasking operating system. A part of Windows called the task scheduler parcels out processor time to all the running programs. These small chunks of processor time are called time slices. Programs arent in charge of how much processor time they get, the task scheduler is. Because these time slices are so small, you get the illusion that the computer is doing several things at once. Definition of Thread A thread is a single sequential flow of control. Some qualifiers: A thread is a path of execution through that body of code.Threads share memory so they have to cooperate to produce the correct result.A thread has thread-specific data such as registers, a stack pointer, and a program counter.A process is a single body of code that can have many threads, but it has at least one and it has a single context (address space). This is assembly level stuff, but thats what you get into when you start thinking about threads. Multithreading vs. Multiprocessing Multithreading is not the same as multicore parallel processing, but multithreading and multiprocessing do work together. Most PCs today have processors that have at least two cores, and ordinary home machines sometimes have up to eight cores. Each core is a separate processor, capable of running programs by itself. You get a performance boost when the OS assigns a different process to different cores. Using multiple threads and multiple processors for even greater performance is called thread-level parallelism. A lot of what can be done depends on what the operating system and the processor hardware can do, not always what you can do in your program, and you shouldnt expect to be able to use multiple threads on everything. In fact, you might not find many problems that benefit from multiple threads. So, dont implement multithreading just because its there. You can easily reduce your programs performance if its not a good candidate for multithreading. Just as examples, video codecs may be the worst programs to multithread because the data is inherently serial. Server programs that handle web pages might be among the best because the different clients are inherently independent. Practicing Thread Safety Multithreaded code often requires complex coordination of threads. Subtle and difficult-to-find bugs are common because different threads often have to share the same data so data can be changed by one thread when another isnt expecting it. The general term for this problem is race condition. In other words, the two threads can get into a race to update the same data and the result can be different depending on which thread wins. As a trivial example, suppose youre coding a loop: If the loop counter I unexpectedly misses the number 7 and goes from 6 to 8—but only some of the time—it would have disastrous effects on whatever the loop is doing. Preventing problems like this is called thread safety. If the program needs the result of one operation in a later operation, then it can be impossible to code parallel processes or threads to do it.   Basic Multithreading Operations Its time to push this precautionary talk to the background and write some multithreading code. This article uses a Console Application for simplicity right now. If you want to follow along, start Visual Studio with a new Console Application project. The primary namespace used by multithreading is the System.Threading namespace and the Thread class will create, start, and stop new threads. In the example below, notice that TestMultiThreading is a delegate. That is, you have to use the name of a method that the Thread method can call. In this app, we could have executed the second Sub by simply calling it: This would have executed the entire application in serial fashion. The first code example above, however, kicks off the TestMultiThreading subroutine and then continues. A Recursive Algorithm Example Heres a multithreaded application involving calculating permutations of an array using a recursive algorithm. Not all of the code is shown here. The array of characters being permuted is simply 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Heres the pertinent part of the code. Notice that there are two ways to call the Permute sub (both commented out in the code above). One kicks off a thread and the other calls it directly. If you call it directly, you get: However, if you kick off a thread and Start the Permute sub instead, you get: This clearly shows that at least one permutation is generated, then the Main sub moves ahead and finishes, displaying Finished Main, while the rest of the permutations are being generated. Since the display comes from a second sub called by the Permute sub, you know that is part of the new thread as well. This illustrates the concept that a thread is a path of execution as mentioned earlier. Race Condition Example The first part of this article mentioned a race condition. Heres an example that shows it directly: The Immediate window showed this result in one trial. Other trials were different. Thats the essence of a race condition.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Statistics Of Medicaid Fraud That Will Shock You - 1285 Words

Statistics of Medicaid Fraud That Will Shock You 1. In May of 2014, some 107 healthcare providers including doctors and nurses were arrested in several cities. These ones were charged with cheating the programs out of some $452 million in funds. 2. In 2010 federal officials arrested some 94 people who had filed false claims through Medicare and Medicaid, for a total of $251 million in fraudulent claims. 3. The Medicare Fraud Strike Force was formed by federal officials in 2007. The group visited some 1600 businesses in Miami at random, following up on billing to Medicare for durable medical equipment. Of those businesses, nearly one-third did not exist although they had billed Medicare for $237 million in the past year. 4. It was reported†¦show more content†¦This is the practice of routinely paying out every claim as it comes in and then only pursuing those that seem blatantly fraudulent, such as a dentist filing 991 claims in one day. 13. The Department’s Secretary Kathleen Sebelius has stated that they are planning on pursuing pre-claim adjudication to analyze patterns in claims before they are paid out, and are looking to abandon the â€Å"pay and chase† model within the next few years. 14. Some estimate that private insurers lose 1% to 1.5% of their revenue to fraud alone and credit card fraud is estimated to be at around 0.05%, while Medicaid and Medicare numbers are closer to 10% to 15%. One reason for this discrepancy is that private insurers and businesses like credit card providers may be more willing to invest in software and other technology that allows them to spot fraud much more quickly than government programs, and to do so before those claims and charges are paid. 15. Spending for healthcare is estimated to reach some $3 trillion in the U.S. in 2014 alone, although this amount does not currently keep up with the rate of inflation. 16. Claims pursued by the federal government in 2012 included unlawful pricing by drug manufacturers, illegal marketing of products and medical devices that have not been approved of by the Food and Drug Administration, and violations of law in regards to kickbacks and self-referrals. 17. The year 2012Show MoreRelatedLatino History and Culture6732 Words   |  27 Pagesmillion dollars. However, after war with The United States, Mexico’s political unrest continued (Meyer, Sherman Deeds, 1999). The Mexican Revolution: 1910-1929 Many Mexican were unhappy with their government, so after blatant election fraud, from an incumbent president, riots broke out and the revolution began. The revolutionary forces led by, among others, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Venustiano Carranza defeated the Federal Army, but later disagreed on how to organize the governmentRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pages Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis This page intentionally left blank Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis Third Edition Roxy Peck California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Chris Olsen George Washington High School, Cedar Rapids, IA Jay Devore California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Australia †¢ Brazil †¢ Canada †¢ Mexico †¢ Singapore †¢ Spain †¢ United Kingdom †¢ United States Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, Third

Open and Closed Source Systems free essay sample

Open and Closed Source System POS 355 Open Source Operating Systems The following paper will discuss open source and closed source computer systems that are used in today’s technology world. These systems are available with licensing rights as well as with the source coding available for use. Computer software that is available with the source coding for redistribution is known as Open Source Software (OSS). The computer software source code contains all of the modifications and the works needed for redistribution. The licensing of the open source software allows the users to learn more about the software by upgrading, modifying, and making any necessary changes to the software without costing the user any money. The open source software also provides the user the ability to share out the software without any costs being involved. Currently there is variety of open source software available for users in the technology environments. These categories of software are but not limited to server software, operating systems, application software, and programming language software. We will write a custom essay sample on Open and Closed Source Systems or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are many items under each category of software. For example, application software contains web browsers such as Mozilla Firefox, Office Suite for office applications, and 7-zip for decompressing zip files. Some operating systems that are included are Linux and Android OS. Closed Source Operating Systems In today’s technology environments, there are types of software that restrict the user’s ability to broaden the software use in many different environments. Closed source software is also known as propriety software. This software is only available without the source code and is licensed under limited rights, which is provided only by the copyright owner of the software. The purchaser of the closed source software is authorized to use the software without the ability to modify, upgrade, update, or make any necessary changes while utilizing software. The propriety software is typically only owned by a single organization that possesses the only legal rights needed to modify the software use. The only method of making any changes to the software would be to purchase a change of any type directly from the copyright holder. In other words, the proprietary software is the property of the owner / developer / publisher that cannot be copied or modified, with an appropriate price and need to comply the license agreement (National Taiwan University, 1991). These types of changes in most cases are very costly and are not an everyday occurrence. There are many examples of closed source systems. These examples are but not limited to Microsoft Server 2000, Windows XP, and Microsoft Windows 7. Most computer systems today are solely operated by some sort of propriety software. In conclusion, Today there is various uses for many types of software systems in all networking machines. Prior to purchasing system software, one must be educated on the type of software that is being purchased. Lack of education on software may cause issues if changes to system software are needed later on down the road. If a user needs to be able to make changes to their software, the user will have to have purchased open source software in the beginning. If no changes will ever be needed, closed source software will be sufficient for their system. References Stallings, W. (2012). Operating systems: Internals and design principles (7th ed. ). Boston, MA: Prentice Hall. Open Source Initiative. (n. d). The Open Source Definition. Retrieved from: http://opensource. org/docs/osd

Marketing and Management Ethical Issues in Marketing Field

Question: Describe about the Marketing and Management for Ethical Issues in Marketing Field. Answer: Introduction In consideration in all the management fields, marketing is taking most of the crisis which it is no doubt that the concern to have morals and social responsibility in general is an important goal. Critics in marketing, has a point falling into issues of having a misleading advertisement to extravagant impartment of pressure to customers. The pricing of products should neither not be at an ignored state. (Rachael and Neal, 2012). In all the activities all those that tend to have consumer concern about deviation then are unethical in the marketing profession. Fundamental reasons to have criticism in the market it is the need to have an open platform where it will not encourage materialism. If ethical aspects are not at a close follow up then, generation of stress on the consumer will affect the buyer's ability to the market. (McKenzie et.al, 2016). Thus the two points to be in consideration is the critics of unethical issues and the other to be able to accept the ethicality of the mar ket functionality, in turn, this leads to customer satisfaction and hence achieving the marketing goal. The object of this paper is to come out openly on matters pertaining marketing ethicality. Ethical issues in the marketing field Ethics are in a constitution of all the marketing practices where this is regarding social marketing. While not trying to ignore profits in a business set-up, which is the primary goal of a business and the central social marketing, there is an existence of justice in the side of the consumer which needs to be in observation. (Rachel, 2010). In general, social marketing refers to all practices which are correct regarding their effect on the consequence implantation in the society. An emphasis on achieving a balance among most businesses is a concern and the needs for long term relation of business. (Kotler et.al, 2015). Although social marketing is a very long time activity, its moral implications tend to remain in development state. Many a times ethical issues are reportedly in a report in organizations including companies and non-profitable organizations. The main ethical issues are in discussion bellow. Management of product and services Administration of the goods and services contains most of the necessary marketing activity, which may also have the influence of causing doubts regarding having ethical issues in the marketing sector. (Johnstone and Marshal, 2016). Most corporations will have to import products which have an extremely short life in the market so as to have an advantage of benefiting from the purchases of the products. It will also extend to when the customers buy the product after having a stimulating advertisement even when the products are not satisfying the actual functionality and needs of the products expectations. Advertisement The primary marketing strategy for every any product is advertising; it will have a huge and powerful influence in the market thus it is in a term as the most powerful instrument in marketing and management. It is, however, the means of marketing that has had to suffer the strongest in the critics and the general restrictions which have been at an implication by the legislative frameworks. (Heizer et.al, 2016). The precise boundaries of law abiding and moral ethics is something that needs a clear visualization to have a better output. A better way to have this in context is the process of a flux of information directed to the consumers. It has a result of causing the creation of messages which can have unattributed of dangerously efficient. (Heizer et.al, 2016). When a commercial product, for example, is a projection into an individual who is a legend in the business, this may include the actors. Such a step will make the product be in a position of having a higher market value due t o the influence of the famous individual glorifying the product. It may result into hot dipping of people into the product without being much of the concern about the outcome if there is any side effect of the product. Marketing research Marketing research has been at a characterization of being a general objective to some major questions which are at a fundamental ground concerning its moral side. Some researchers will have a suggestion of making a marketing research an intrusion to an individual's personal live and consumers' data. Most of the opponents' o rivaling organizations and companies have had an accusation of making marketing research as a pretense to make sales. (Harris, 2015). It tends to be unethical for it influences the general outcome where most of the participants will have lost their privacy. Pricing Most of the products characterization, the price, become a vital part of the consumer. Thus the customers' means to have the aim to have a maximization of the quality to its price ratio is a concern. (Lynne et.al, 2012). At a different perspective, the legislative implications of a framework to have an accurate pricing and strict laws to some products seem to be failing for some business which is not restrained by the laws. (Grohar et.al, 2016). Thus they tend to fool the consumers, such practices at mainly an encounter during sales and the event of offering discounts to products. At some extent the discounts offered are not a genuine offer rather a subtraction from the fictional initial price which tends to be higher than the regular price. International marketing International marketing firms have been in the spotlight of the ethical concerns. Most of the practices at this point land into having a lot of unethical issues. As a concern for health in the international market, the tobacco industries are out to make advertisements to campaign in the USA so as to discourage teens from smoking. (Farrel and Fraech, 2016). It is evidently true that these companies have been investing money so as to spread the purchase of tobacco purchases in the Asia and Africa continents. Thus in trying to make a marketing distribution consent they use a fee cigarettes technique which is not matching the ethical grounds for marketing. Regarding the cigarettes example, an open forum can be at a clear view that an individual's desire is not always to be in fulfillment at a short term. Marketing may not be in a direction by a single organization but rather should have many anticipating societies to try and fulfill the needs of a company. Businesses in Australia with ethical issues In Australia some companies have been in involvement in unethical issues, for example, the Baiada is a multi-billion company which is dealing which production of cheap poultry in Australia. It has been receiving critics over the exploitation of workers right, which is unethical. Employees and growers have been raising a red flag to it, the suggestion in place are that it is in control with two strong private companies. (David and David, 2016). The Australian competition and the consumer commission has it that the seemingly increasingly concern about the concentration of the companies power in the hands of the two parties causes a lot of invariably more unsettledness to the workers. It is also in the verdict of a critic that it has to process misleading the Australian customers, about the exact way of the chicken they eat, are raised. (Crittenden, 2015). Workers get small wages, in comparison to the profits made by the company. With such advertisement issues in the company, the indivi duals consuming the end product are not in a clear verdict to understand the production process of the chicken. When this solved then, a fair ground would emanate to help the workers exploitation. The second company example is the Wesfarmers or the Coles it has received critics over the anti-competitive behavior and gaming which is unethical for any company or business to acquire profits. In recent research studies show that the company has billions of retail sales is taken by the corporate. (Dinnie, 2015). The companies have been on the verge of a free extent of its interests which include the groceries and fuel and other incentives which the consumers will pay. At least forty percent of the amount in every dollar spent at the shops is directly going to the Wesfamer retail entity. According to the Australian competition and consumer, a commission has its say as that the company is inheritably anti-competitive to get into new industries. Conclusion In conclusion, ethics has been the recent area of embodiment in the marketing field and thus most of the social environment in the employment of the activities are at a consideration of having a decisive competitive advantage. (Carrol, 2015). While that is in place, the consumers interest to be able to have a stake in the increase of ethical provision as consumption keeps on increasingly every time. (Carlos, 2016). The need to have ethical issues is to try also to protect the environment which if not keenly in the watch on the situation may be at risk due to non-ethical issues which may consist of manufacturers getting toxic material into the products which might cause harm to the environment at a later time. All the competitions in the market should be open, and commissions began to be able to oversee the day to day activities of the companies and organizations. References. Crittenden, V. L., Crittenden, W. F., Hawes, J. M. (2015). Ethical Standards of Marketing Students. InProceedings of the 1986 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 164-168). Springer International Publishing. Carroll, C. E. (2015).The handbook of communication and corporate reputation(Vol. 49). John Wiley Sons. Dinnie, K. (2015).Nation branding: concepts, issues, practice. Routledge. David, F., David, F. R. (2016). Strategic Management: A Competitive Advantage Approach, Concepts and Cases. Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J. (2015).Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Grohar-Murray, M. E., DiCroce, H. R., Langan, J. C. (2016).Leadership and management in nursing. Pearson. Harris, M. D. (2015).Handbook of home health care administration. Jones Bartlett Publishers Heizer, J., Render, B., Munson, C. (2016).Principles of operations management: sustainability and supply chain management. Pearson Higher Ed. Johnston, M. W., Marshall, G. W. (2016).Sales force management: Leadership, innovation, technology. Routledge. Kotler, P., Burton, S., Deans, K., Brown, L., Armstrong, G. (2015).Marketing. Pearson Higher Education AU. Lynne E, Stephen D, David R.L. Ethics in social marketing-in search of pronesis. (2012) Australia Association of Social Marketing. McKenzie, J. F., Neiger, B. L., Thackeray, R. (2016).Planning, implementing evaluating health promotion programs: A primer. Pearson. Rachel M. (2010). The Ethics Of Marketing Sports Drinks To A Youth Market. Rachael F and Neal W. (2012). Marketing Mediation Ethically: The Case Of Confidentiality.

Thursday, April 23, 2020

Review Essays - Drill, Hip Hop, Almighty Black P. Stone Nation

Review Jeremy Moorman December 4, 2017 COMM 2300 G Herbo: Humble Beast Review In the same way as other new rappers, what makes G Herbo fascinating is his relationship to the present day and how he influences his rap music to tell about his life background . Be that as it may, what characterizes Humble Beast is the means by which he brings the past to the present, tying overlooked the current hip hop music trend . It's not a n album talking about what he did back then, its mostly taking about how he is developing as rapper . Back in 2 012 at age 16, G Herbo and fellow rapper, Lil Bibby, released a song called "Kill Sh *t", that later paved a way on different kinds of rap music around the globe and also started his career as rapper. G Herbo's approach to music is different from typical rappers nowadays, instead of talking about drugs and sex he's talking about things people from rough areas can relate to. G Herbo's most powerful strengths in his music is his delivery and flow that he shows in songs like 2015's "I'm Rollin" and 2017's "Everything" and "I Like". These are some of the songs that are crafting him to become a leader in the rap industry. G Herbo's songs are always recorded with a gritty tone to it to set the mood. He says it helps listeners get a feeling from his songs. On the song "I Like' of the album is more for the ladies. I this song off Humble Beast G Herbo is using a uptight bell sound and bass that you can kind of dance. He is trying to elevate himself by trying new things with his songs on this album. On the song "Bi Polar" off the album, G Herbo shows his lyrical skill throughout this song showing his versatility. Lyrically, his skill on "Humble Beast" has like an early mid-2000s music samples to it in relation to artists like Kanye West and Jay-Z. At the same, he is able to merge new school vibes with his album to, so it's kind of balanced out in a sense . One of the most memorable songs and final track on the Humble Beast is "Man Now", on this song G Herbo sums all of his life till now and she raps every word to listeners' thoughts. The album as of now is one of a kind.